Kazan was an active center for the development of logic in the 19th and early 20th
centuries. Logic courses were included in the philosophy and psychology curricula of
Kazan University and the Theological Academy. Issues of logic were dealt with by
Lubkin in his critical consideration of Kant and Kant's successor Kisewetter, and
Lobachevskij reviewed the logic textbooks of Kant and Kisewetter.
¶ Some of the university logic courses were taught by Theological Academy members,
including Archimandrate Gavriil, A. M. Bukharev, and V. A. Snegirev. The emphasis
here was on Aristotelianism. The syncretic unity of philosophy and psychology present
at that time led to the psychologistic interpretation of logic of N. A. Vasil'ev and I. I.
Yagodinskij and hampered formalization, although Vasil'ev effectively contributed to its
heuristic aspects. Meanwhile, M. M. Troitskij and Yagodinskij worked on inductive
logic. E. A. Bobrov, A. D. Gulyaev, and A. O. Makovel'skij worked on traditional and
"gnoseological" logic, and Vasil'ev created a non-traditional (non-aristotelian) "imaginary"
logic based upon elimination of the law of contradiction and the law of excluded
middle, and he developed the idea of metalogic. His ideas also contributed towards the
development intuitionistic and modal logic, although indirectly. P. S. Poretskij worked on
mathematical logic. These developments of logic were broken off in 1922 by the
reorganization of the university.